Jejak sang mozaik: Sultan ahmar.

 

JEJAK SANG MOZAIK

SULTAN AHMAR.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN AHMAR DYNASTY IN SPANISH 1232-1492 .

the development of civilization during the Ahmar dynasty from 1232 to 1492 AD The Ahmar dynasty was founded by Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr who had its capital in Granada. This dynasty was able to last for two hundred and five years and was the last Islamic empire in Europe. Despite the difficult circumstances under Christian rule, the Ahmar Dynasty was still able to build a remarkable civilization. The development of civilization during the Ahmar dynasty was marked by achievements in various fields, namely: Architecture, with the construction of the Al-Hamra Palace which was very beautiful and magnificent. The field of literature relies more on the correspondence of composing and editing the works of previous scientists. The arts / crafts sector is marked by the advancement of building art and carving. and the field of education was marked by the founding of the University of Granada and the rise of scientists. The decline and decline of the Ahmar dynasty was caused by several factors, including the conflict that occurred between Muslim Spain and Christianity, the weakness of the leaders of the Ahmar dynasty and divisions among the family.

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Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yusuf bin Nasr  (1195-1273), also known as Ibn al-Aḥmar ( Arabic : ابن الأحمر ) and nicknamed al-Ghālib billāh ("The Overcomer for Allah"), ^{[2] [3]} is first ruler of the Sultanate of Granada , the last independent Muslim state in Spain, and founder of the Banu Nashri dynasty . During his lifetime, the Iberian Christian kingdoms (especially Portugal , Castile , and Aragon ) expanded into Islamic territory in the Iberian Peninsula, called Al-Andalus.            . Muhammad bin Yusuf originally came to power in his hometown of Arjona in 1232 when he rebelled against the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, Ibn Hud. During this rebellion, he managed to control Cordova and Seville for a while, before the two cities returned to Ibn Hud. He was then defeated by Ibn Hud, but retained his power over Arjona and Jaén as Ibn Hud's subordinates. In 1236, he again opposed Ibn Hud and helped Fernando III of Castile take control of Cordova. In the following years, Muhammad succeeded in seizing power in the cities of southern Spain, including Granada (1237), Almeria (1238), and               Malaga  (1239) through political maneuvers without war. In 1244, his hometown, Arjona, was captured by Castile. In 1246, he again defeated Castile in Jaén, so he had to give up the city and become vassal for Fernando as a condition of the peace treaty.  

In the following 18 years, Muhammad strengthened his power by maintaining peaceful relations with Castile. In 1248, he even helped the Christian kingdom take over Seville from Islamic rule. However, in 1264, he turned against Castile and aided in the uprising of the Muslim population in the newly controlled territory of Castile. The revolt failed, and in 1266 his ally in Málaga, Banu Asyqilula , revolted against Muhammad I and asked the new king of Castile, Alfonso X for help . Castile sent troops, but Muhammad succeeded in getting the leader of the troops, Nuño Gonzalez de Lara       , to turn against Alfonso. The conflicts with Castile and Banu Ashqilula remained unsolved until 1273, when Muhammad died after falling from his horse. He was succeeded by his son, Muhammad II . 

Muhammad I's legacy is the kingdom he founded, which continued to survive under the Banu Nashri dynasty until the annexation of Castile in 1492. In addition, he also began construction of the Alhambra in Granada, where he lived. Later Granada sultans continued to live in Granada and continued building the Alhambra as a large palace and fortress complex. Until now, the Alhambra still stands as a legacy of the Sultanate of Granada and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site .